ABSTRACT

This research was carried out with the sole aim of monitoring interface in the transportation of petroleum pipeline products and the analysis of this product from Enugu depot.  In the research it was observed that product contaminates each other if interface was not properly monitored and cut at the appropriate time.

The three major products that were considered in this research were premium motor spirit (PMS) automotive gas premium (AGO0 and dual purpose kerosene  (DPK).

The tests carried out point test smoke point test, initial and final boiling point test (Distillation), temperature and density test, to ascertain the standard quality specification and the extent of their purity.

It was observed from the result that the flash point value for DPK and AGO were 430c and 820c respectively.  The average smoke point test values for DPK product was 21.92mm.  the initial  and final boiling point of PMS were350c and 1750c, respectively.   The observed density at the DPK/AGO interface monitoring test were 819 kg/m3 and 850 kg/m3and corrected densities for DPK and AGO were 830.2kg/m3 and 859.9kg/m3 respectively. The interface reception cut point for DPK/AGO interface  monitoring was made at the corrected density of 849.0 kg/m3.  And the temperature of DPK and AGO were 310c respectively.

The result from the analysis revealed that the boiling point of PMS was far more lower than that of AGI and DPK, which implies that PMS has a higher volatility than the two other products the flash point test revealed that the minimum temperature at which AGO and DPK ignites was 66.50c and 430c PMS was not determined because of its high volatility.  Also, the standard minimum smoke point of DPK was determined to be 22mm.  The smoke point test for AGO and PMS were not carried out because, they were not domestically used and their combustion normally takes value in an engine.

This research has become very necessary because it reveals the proper way pf handling petroleum pipeline product to meet standard specification for domestic and industrial use.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1     Historical perspective

1.2     Introduction to petroleum transportation by pipeline

1.3     Product movements and handling

1.4     Batching procedure

1.5     Interface detection and control

1.6     Interface growth

1.7     Product quality control

1.8     Sample

1.9     Product contamination

CHAPTER TWO

2.0              Literature review

2.1       Historical review of interface

2.2              Pipeline hydraulics

2.3              Laminal and turbulent flow

2.4              The Reynolds number

2.5              Operating philosophy

CHAPTER THREE

3.0              Experimental method/ procedure

3.1       List of laboratory equipment

3.2              Experiment method

3.3              Interface monitoring test (first step)

3.4              Experimental test on the various pipeline product (second step)

3.4.1        Flash point test

3.4.2        Smoke point test

3.4.3        Distillation test

3.4.4        Temperature and relative density test

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0              Experimental results

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0              Discussion

CHAPTER SIX

6.0              Conclusion

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0              Recommendation

References

Appendices

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

1.1       HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

PIPELINE TRANSPORT OPERATION

As an instrument of transport, the pipeline is almost as old as the wheel.  Indeed, one of the big problems facing earning civilizations in their development of the first cities was the provision of an effective water supply, and the inventive clines are believed to have used bamboo pipes for this purpose as much as 7,000 year ago.  The Syrians the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans all used water mains made of clay or hollow stone, and in 525 B.C.  the king of Persia supplied his desert arm with water by means of a pipeline made of sown oxetride.

The problem of bulk transport of oil arose an soon as the modern international oil industry itself was in Pennsylvania in 1859.  During the early days of the industry the uniform method of moving crude oil or refined products in bulk was by barrels.  These were loaded on to wagons trains or ships like any ordinary merchandise.  However teamsters owning wagons were charging such exorbitant have age was sought.  Pipeline appeared the obvious answer and after some encouraging experiments with wooden pipes the first commercially successful oil pipeline was built in 1865.  this line, 2 in diameter was made of cast iron could handle 250 tones of oil per day.  Its advantages over wagons and barrels for over land transport was instantly appreciated by other petroleum dealers, and very soon many more lines were in service.  steel began replacing cast iron about the year 1910, and a proliferation of pipelines resulted.

It has many year been accepted that whereas pipeline for cheaper transportation than road or rail tankers, they cannot compete on equal terms with ocean going tankers and are this economically dependent on the fact that they can usually be laid on a short alignment than the corresponding sea have.

Product lines in any country depend upon the development of a large concentrated market area.  Pipeline constitute the most economical method of transporting large volumes of fluid under these conditions.  Under normal conditions a pipeline can transport products at about one quarter the cost of a comparable movement burial are even greater.  In addition, pipeline can compete economically with all types of in land large movements.

1.2              INTRODUCTION TO PERTOLEUM TRANSPORTATION BY PIPELINE

The commercial transportation of petroleum is done in bulk so as to take the advantage of the economy of seal and thereby reduce unit cost of shipment.  Moving the commodity in bulk required the use of read tanker trucks rail wagons, pipeline and ocean- going vessel however among by three hinter land means of transportation by rail wagon, pipeline and road truck, transportation by pipeline remain the cheapest and safest.

At independence, in 1960, multinational companies such as Mobil supplied Nigeria’s petroleum product needs through the importation of petroleum products, total British petroleum  (now African petroleum) and ESSO (now OANDO) the first refinery in Nigeria was owned by BP- shell and was commissioned in 1965 shortly before the out break of the civil was that spanned the period 1966-1970.  The refinery, with the daily capacity of 35, 000 BSD become grossly inadequate to meet the national consumption at the end of the civil war in 1970.  This was due largely to the unprecedented high level of economic activities engaged upon by the federal government to re-construct and rehabilitate the damage done to infrastructure during the civil war.

The federal government subsequently built and commissioned the warri refinery and constructed and company (WRPC) in 1972 constructed and commissioned 30lkm of pipeline with its associated petroleum storage depots in 1979/80 under the pipeline phased.  182 project.  In addition, it constructed and commissioned the Kaduna refining and petrochemical company (KRPC) in 1979.  The pipeline phase 182 comprise five systems for ease of operations namely 2A, 3B, 2C, 2D, and 2E.  this network was expanded under the pipeline phase 3 to a total of 4950km, to link all the three refineries in the country in 1995 and designated system 2CX,2DX,and 2EX.

The nation wide NNPE pipeline system with its associated bulk petroleum storage depots, therefore, brought the supply of white petroleum products close to major cities and towns in Nigeria.  The depots are located at Lagos (at satellite), Atlas cove, Ibadan Ilorin, Ore, Benin, Warri, Port Harcourt, Aba, Enugu, Markurdi, Yola, Suleja, Minna, Kaduna, Kano, Gombe, Gusau, Jos and Maiduguri. These depots are linked by pipelines of various sized ranging between 6 to 16 no her in diameter.Only the calabar depot is not linked to the pipeline network.

Consequently, government through the NNPC took over the importation of petroleum products into Nigeria, after the findings of the oputa panel of Enguiry in  1975 to examine the root cause of the refining and storage facilities and pipelines to link these storage centers.  This culminated in the construction and commissioning of ht 125, 00 bld capacity warri refinery in 1978, the phases 1 and 2 pipeline system along with 17 storage depots in 1979 and the 110,000b/d capacity Kaduna refinery in 1980.

The commissioning of the Kaduna complex enable the nation to produce base oils for the manufacturing of engine oils and bitumen for road construction

1.3       PRODUCT MOVEMENTS AND HANDLING GENERAL

The NNPC headquarters of the Nigerian products pipelines system has the primary function of coordinating the safe movement of products through the entire pipeline system its scheduling group is responsible for overall planning of product movements is coordination with the dispatching group at the port Harcourt control center the system 2E port Harcourt to Makurdi pipeline dispatching group under deputy chief engineer operations is responsible for implementing the schedule and adjusting for short term scheduling changes.  This function also involves the handling of information from locations remotely controlled by the port Harcourt control center.

To dispatchers require accurate current information on all movements. Efficient operation of the pipeline requites very close cooperation of filed and disputing personal.

NNPC headquarters will prepare system 2E, port Harcourt to Makurdi pipeline pumping schedules.  This schedule will normally provide pumping rates used as the basis of preparing the schedule.  From the NNPC schedule the dispatchers will prepare detailed 15 day pumping and delivery schedules based on actual pumping rates and stripping rates of products leaving the line at delivering points.

The dispatcher at the port Harcourt control center will supply port Harcourt station, Aba, Enugu, AND Makurdi with switching times gravities and supplemental information relative to each operation.

Any unusual incidents or circumstances related to product hardly or product quality must be reported to the port Harcourt dispatcher at once.

1.31     PRODUCT MOVEMENT SCHEDULE

Scheduling activities should be accomplished in such a manner as to ensure the at the least operating the required product volume group of NNPC headquarters is responsible for planning all shipments throughout the entire system.

However, a 15-day pumping schedule will be issued weekly by the port Harcourt control center and revised as required. Schedulers at NNPC headquarters and operating personnel at port Harcourt and depot stations will  view the 15-day pumping schedule to ensure they  have a mutual understating of the planned movement both at origin and dewberry  terminal if this review indicates a conflict or minister predation  of the schedule, the local operations supervisor will contact the supervisor of pipeline control at port Harcourt control center for clarification.

A quarterly product movement forecast will be issued by the NNPC hindquarters for   planning purpose.

Dispatening personnel at port Harcourt are to furnish all depot stations with updated delivery times at least 1 day prior to delivery.

1.3.2    SEQUENCE OF PRODUCT MOVEMENT

Normal batching procedures are to be developed around the following sequence to refined  products in a cycle.

 DRAWING

A detailed review product contamination limits and initial batch volumes indicates that is to be kept uncontaminated or PMS if DPK is to be kept uncontamination.  It is recommended    that AGO be transported before DPK to avoid contamination of DPK.

In subsequent years and when the batch volumes of DPK grow larger, the normal initial cycle may be revised and altered to suit future operating conditions.

However, petroleum products, such as various grades of motor and aviation gas line, kerosene propane butane and some light diesel fuels which are pumped in the appropriate batching sequence may be transported in the same product pipeline.  Interface contamination is not a serious problem in a properly operated system. However where extreme purity is required mechanical separators may be inserted at the required product interface.

1.4       B`ATCHING PREDURES

1.4.1    BATCH IDENTIFICATION

The supervisory control and date Acquisition system will provide for the accurate tracking of batch deliveries within the pipeline.  Each batch will be identified by a unique batch number.  The batch number will consist of a three- character product code followed by a three- digit sequence number.  The product code will designated by the operator when scheduling a batch or by the computer, if an unscheduled batch is initiated . in either case the product codes will be designated as follows. 

PMS-   Premium motor spirit

RMS-  Regular motor spirit

DPK-   Dual purpose kerosene

AGO – Automotive gas oil

HFI     - High flash interface

LFI-     Low flash interface

The sequence number will be assigned sequentially by the system at the same time that the product code is entered scheduled batches will be assigned number in the range of from 600 through 899.  unscheduled batches will be assigned number 900 through 1999

1.1.2    CUT POINTS FOR SATCH CHANGES

The cut point for batch changes are based on initial yearly theoretical human batch volume during a normal batching cycle and on equations proposed by J.E Austin and J.R Palfrey. if batch volume are reduced in a subsequent cycle or if a batch is eliminated from a subsequent cycle dispersion of may take several subsequent blending cycles to comply with contamination limits as specified in below contamination limits.

*          The batch cut point and slop distribution at Enugu and ABA are as follows

Interface                      Cut at

Leading-trailing          (%by volume)                          Cut to

PMS-   RMS                15% RMS       RMS product tank

RMS-  AGO               1% AGO         PMS-1slope tank

RMS-  AGO             65% AGO     AGO 1 slope tank

RMS-  AGO             99% AGO   AGO product tank

AGO- DPK                 5% DPK          AGO-2 Slope tank

AGO- DPK                 100% DPK      DPK product tank

DPK- PMS                  Trace PMS      PMS- 2slope tank

DPK-   PMS                99& PMS        PMS product tank

it should be noted that the cut points should are based on a certain shaped interface. In some cases, the interface shape may vary and therefore the most desirable cut points might be different than those given in the preceding table.  It is stressed that actual operating data must be obtained before definitive limits are established for cut points.

To accomplish an accurate batch split, the operator must obtain in advance, the specific gravities (corrected for temperature) for each product to be received.  This information to be provided by the chemist, is critical to make accurate switched and minimize contamination.

1.5              INTERFACE DETECTION AND CONTROL

In multi- product pipelines it is necessary for different products or grades of products to follow one another in direct constant the mixture between the two is know as the interface.  Pipeline interface are divided into two categories.

Critical interface and non critical interface.

Critical interfaces occur between incompatible products such as motors spirits (low when point) and gas oil (high flash point) when the specification of one can be seriously affected by the other.  Serious intermixing will put both products off specification.

Non- critical interface occur between two grades of the same group such as premium and regular motor spirits.  Nevertheless the permissible contamination of one on the other is strictly limited.  At worse

*          Serious intermixing can only put the higher grade off specification.

Table 1 below show the product’s specific gravity and colour which are the determining factors for the detection of interfacial mixtures.

1.6              INTERFACE DETECTION

Interface generated between products are automatically detected and recorded by the Nusonic interface detected or they can be detected by sampling the interface mixture with the hydrometer will assembly in the sample building.  Another method which would in the used only for special conditions utilized spheres launched during batch changes.

A hydrometer is a device which consists of a glass cylinder and a graduated scale used to determine the specific gravity of a fluid or a mixture of fluids by sampling an interface mixture at certain time intervals and recording the readings in the product change report.

The Nusonic interface detector is an electronic instrument which detects and records changes in the sound velocity of fluids. Batch changes passing by the probe are displayed graphically in the control room as a gravity trend indicating the beginning and end of an interface.  The gravity trends are automatically corrected to C00F (1560C) 0 psig cokglm2

By a microprocessor

During the initial operation of the system the manual  detection of interfaces by hydrometer and colour sampling will be made.  The local operation will then either make the cut or tell the dispatchers when to cut.

The interface detector is best used for making batch cuts which are made at the first trace of interface or heat cut.  It can be easily seen on the graph when the specific gravity first begins to change by a sudden deviation from a straight line.  Batch cuts that are made at some point other than the end points of an interface should be made using hydrometer reading.

It is suggested that the practice of manual detections of interface by hydrometer and colour sampling continue as detector.

In order to accomplish manual determination of specific gravity have ASTMD 1250 available for              gravity corrections to 600F (15.60c)

1.6                   INTERFACE GROWTH

In is know that after the first 150km or so of travel, the elongation rate falls off and further growth is insignificant

Interface growth is affected by:

-                                  Pipe diameter

-                                  Pipe length

-                                  Relative densities and hence viscosity of adjoining products

-                                  Flow rate (turbulent flow must be mainted)

-                                  Pressure surges/ siphoning due to insufficient back pressure

-                                  Shunt downs (can add 10% to length each time)

-                                  Bad operating procedures (ie. In correct line stopping and starting allowing line to slacken)

-                                  Manifold value changes (must be quick to reduce growth at input to pipeline)

-                                  Rurming spheres in the interface (this can reduce growth by up to 30/40%)

1.7              MINIMISATION OF INTERFACE GROWTH

a.                     In order to minimize interface growth, the following practice should be adopted

1.                              The pressure in the line must not be allowed to fall to a level which would create the damages of the hydraulic gradient cutting any point on the line profit

2.                              Where booster pumps are used, flow rate must kept balanced throughout the system.

3.                              interface parking should be reduced to a minimum .

4.                              maximum pumping rates should be maintained with an interface is in the line

5.                              line shunt down and start up sequencing that ensure that the line is always kept packed under constant.

6.                              operating process dares that ensure interface which have to be parked are not parked in areas of idly changing ground profile

b.   During design of the systems, the following factures can be incorporated so as to minimize interface growth:

-                                  Fast acting manifold values to minimize mixing of product at input to the pipeline

-                                  Flow control monitoring which ensure that the pipe-line always operated in the turbulent flow region.

-                                  Pipe-line always operates in the turbulent flow region.

-                                  The use of ramped flow control values at each receipt point and pump station to give a smooth and quick acceleration of product on start up.

INTERFACE CONTAMINATION

One of the key skills of pipelining is to maximize through  put at minimum cost.  A well operated system is one in which all of he interface material generated is either disposed of by down grading into adjacent  products within agreed contamination limits or by delivery to segregated slop tanks for subsequent blending by ret injection into incoming grades (whilst still maintaining overall on-specification product).  It follows that the volume of interface material to be absorbed limits the parcel sizes of products and this affects the volume of tankage to be provided for a given system.

Interface contamination at the receipt point can be handled in several ways:

-                       All interface material can be cut into one slop tank for either

·         Return to the nearest refinery: this includes considerable cost for transportation and refinery handing

·         Re- injection: this has disadvantage that thee is a 50/50 mixture of both products present.

-                       The interface can be cut into 2 (or more )portions:

·         Each portion can be taken directly into main storage tanks.  This is particularly applicable to non-certical interfaces   

·         Each portion can be cut into separate slop tanks for re-injection into products received from the line

1.7                   PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL

EXAMINATIONS AND ANALYSIS

1.                     GENERAL

The purpose of quality control at the different stages of reception storage and delivery is to ensure that the products:

-                                  Delivered by suppliers are in accordance with the specifications,

-                                  During storage, keep their characteristic

-                                  In certain cases of pollution by other product or impurities will remain useable,

-                                  When being leased into delivery road tankers have not been subject to incorrect handling

QUALITY CONTROL MAY CONSIST OF

-                                  A short analysis of certain products upon reception (flash point, viscosity degree of the GO)

-                                  A laboratory analysis in order to check the phyisco- chemical characteristics of a product whenever the latter is in force or whenever it does not fall into the category of polluted products to be re injected with out analysis

1.7.1        DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUALITY CONTROL – UPON RECEPTION

-                                  Take a sample at the pipeline outlet in the depot.  These samples are considered by the depot as check sample in the case of possible dispute.

-                                  Each sample should be visually examined by the depot managers.

-                                  In addition, gas-oil samples are subjected to a short analysis

-                                  Sample are kept in the depot until one month after the stocks constituting the batches received have been normally disposed of.

After this time they are re-used normally.

NOTE:     Samples are taken as soon as possible and examined in accordance with a standard to be agreed and procedure described in a later chapter. Visual examination of samples can be followed by a partial or complete analysis of the physco-chemical characteristics in the case of questionable products.

No pumping is to take place before the examination have shown that the product complies with the specifications.

-                                  BEFORE PUMPING INTO PARTIALLY FILLED TANKS

-                                  Take an all level sample from each of the tanks to be topped up with the products received.

-                                  Sample are considered as check sample of the characteristics of the products contained in the tanks to be topped up.

-                                  Sample are re-used after normal disposal of he whole stocks contained in the tanks

-                       WHEN PUMPING:

When gas- oil of a specified plash point is received:

-                                  Take a sample from the receiving line within half an hour following the start of pumping and check the flash point.

-                                   After one hour’s pumping take a sample from the receiving tank and check the flash point.

-                                  After the 1st hour and every hour take a sample from the receiving line and check the flash point.

-                                  In each case, the time at which the sample was taken and the time at which the sample was checked shall be mentioned in the sample entry book.  The name of the persons taking the sample and checking the flash point shall be also indicated.

If pollution is noticed, pumping is to be stopped immediately until the cause of pollution is discover and content of receiving tank checked.

-                                  AFTER PUMPING INTO TANKS

When  sample are taken from the tanks, two possibilities may occur:

-                                  The total bulk to which the sample refers is homogeneous (case of a normal overall reception): an average sample is to be tanker

-                                  The total bulk is heterogeneous case of deliveries of the some product spread over a certain period possible topping up a number of partial samples at different depths must be taken

-                                  WHEN BEING STORED

-                                  When  analysis proves to be necessary for a periodic check on the stability of the product being stored a samples is to be taken from the tank (s) concerned

-                                  Send the sample (s) to the laboratory responsible for quality control.

-                                  A check sample of he same quality control

-                                  A check sample of the same quantity and quality is kept at the depot

-                                  TEST POLLUTED PRODUCTS

When it is necessary to perform a check analysis of a polluted.  Product which does not fall into the category of the products which can be directly re-injected into tanks, take send the sample (s) to the laboratory responsible for quality control.

A check sample of the sample quantity and quality is kept at the depot.

-                 TEST AFETR LOADING THE DELIVERY VEHICLES

Carry out visual examination in order to avoid incorrect handling of the product upon loading of vehicles.

-                 MULTIPLE TESTING

If the number of results obtained in either one or both laboratories is more than one, then the allowable difference between the averages from the two laboratories is given as follows.

Difference             R1        =          (R2- r2 (1-1/2n1-1/2 n2)

Where:

                  R         =          reproducibility of the method

This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research